Braking behaviour among motorcyclist: comparison of the rear brake using hand braking type and leg braking type / Mohammad Hamidi Sinin

Motor vehicle crashes have received considerable attention by Government. A Cabinet Committee on Road safety with the prime Minister as the chairman was later formed and target of reducing road fatalities by 30% by the year 2000 was set. Statistics shows more than half the motor vehicles in Malaysia are motorcycles and motorcycle crashed continue to be a problem in both developing and developed countries. Fatalities rates (measured in deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles) in crashed was much higher than in non motorcycle crashes. One of the common causes of crash is the braking characteristic of rider. Due to this project, an observation has been conduct to determine the characteristic of motorcycle rider during braking. The comparison between the rider using hand brake type and leg brake type has been considers. As the result the characteristic of motorcycle rider have been defined. The results have been comparing between the hand brake type and leg brake type motorcycle and then be analyze. The characteristic of rider have been evaluate and compared. Finally the conclusion has been made and some recommendation will be suggest

Low-cost household water treatment: A techno-behavioural intervention for local sustainable development in Afghanistan

Access to safe drinking water is a critical global challenge, in remote rural areas and urban centres alike. A pressing concern within this challenge lies in the sustainability of groundwater and the livelihoods reliant on it. However, a comprehensive study of such a complex issue as water insecurity requires a multidisciplinary approach that can synthesize perspectives from the natural and social sciences. With the overarching aim of studying and developing means to rectify water insecurity in low-income settings, this thesis pursues such an approach and contributes insights to the broader global dialogue through the case of the conflict-affected urban context of Kabul – where groundwater and livelihood challenges are driven especially by the contamination and rapid depletion of the local aquifers. The multidisciplinary study begins with a geo-hydrology perspective that explores the sources of groundwater and the factors contributing to groundwater contamination. Additionally, it explores the potential of using clay disc filters for household water treatment from an earth sciences perspective. Complementing these natural science perspectives, the research also incorporates the COM-B framework, which draws from psychology and behavioural science. By leveraging anthropological techniques with a firm grounding in development research, the thesis further adopts a bottom-up approach to inform survey research. Translating this multidisciplinary approach into the empirical research underlying this thesis, firstly, the groundwater recharge sources and groundwater dynamics in aquifers of Kabul city were explored relying on the analysis of the stable isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) of groundwater and surface water from the Upper Kabul River and Logar River. The results showed that precipitation was the primary source of recharge in the Central Kabul sub-basin, while mixed recharge from the river, precipitation, and irrigation return flow governed recharge in the Logar sub-basin. In the Paghman and Lower Kabul, and Upper Kabul sub-basins, increased rainfall input was also observed. The contribution of river water to groundwater recharge decreased from an average of over 60% in 2007 to less than 50% in 2020. Also, substantial groundwater level depletion was documented in the Central Kabul sub-basin and western parts of the city. In addition to examining recharge sources and rates, the bacteriological and chemical characteristics of Kabul’s groundwater were analyzed. In Kabul, 4.1 million people rely on groundwater, making it critical to understand its contamination trends in the face of rapid development and social changes. The results showed an increase in E. coli and NO3-, indicating anthropogenic impacts on shallow groundwater quality. The Water Quality Index revealed that less than 35% of shallow groundwater samples had good quality. To address these issues, the implementation of point-of-use water purification was proposed as a temporary solution for reducing the occurrence of waterborne diseases. Moreover, a qualitative study, based on 68 semi-structured interviews, explored the factors limiting access to clean drinking water in two peri-urban areas in Kabul. These factors included dysfunctional water supply networks, water price inequalities, uneven development, and aid prioritization. In addition, the stressors and dynamic access to water such as droughts, contamination, and electricity disruption were documented. Further, this research examined the nature and underlying factors of inter-household water-sharing practices. Water availability, the costs to the donor, the frequency of requests for water, the period over which they operate, and religious beliefs were all found to play key roles in determining water-sharing practices. The added influence of droughts in limiting water-sharing practices further highlighted the dynamics in performing the behaviour. Furthermore, this research explored the factors that influence household water treatment practices, relied on a comprehensive behaviour change model (i.e., COM-B model). The results of the study showed that reflective and automatic motivation, as well as physical opportunity, had a statistically significant association with the performance of household water treatment behaviour. The findings suggest that socioeconomic, psychosocial, and contextual factors are all important in understanding and promoting household water treatment practices, and should be taken into account to develop interventions that are tailored to the specific needs and obstacles of different communities. Lastly, the potential of using clay disc filters, frequently termed ceramic water filters, made from locally-sourced clay samples, was explored for removing bacteria from water. The clay discs were produced by mixing clay and sorted sawdust in a ratio of 1:2, and the filtration rate was 1 litre per hour. Clay disc filters have the potential to be a low-cost and locally-sourced solution for improving water quality in Afghanistan, but further research and development is needed to optimize their production, particularly by leveraging the skills of local potters in Kabul. Overall, the synergistic combination of disciplinary techniques was thus capable of shedding light on the complex interplay between water resources, technology, and human behaviour (i.e., household water treatment) and provided a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and solutions surrounding access to safe drinking water

Derivable Single Valued Neutrosophic Graphs Based on KM-Fuzzy Metric

In this paper we consider the concept of KM-fuzzy metric spaces and we introduce a novel concept of KM-single valued neutrosophic metric graphs based on KM-fuzzy metric spaces. Then we investigate the finite KM-fuzzy metric spaces with respect to KM-fuzzy metrics and we construct the KMfuzzy metric spaces on any given non-empty sets. We try to extend the concept of KM-fuzzy metric spaces to a larger class of KM-fuzzy metric spaces such as union and product of KM-fuzzy metric spaces and in this regard we investigate the class of products of KM-single valued neutrosophic metric graphs. In the final, we define some operations such as tensor product, Cartesian product, semi-strong product, strong product, union, semi-ring sum, suspension, and complement of KM-single valued neutrosophic metric graphs

Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and competitive anxiety in a sample of athletes. One hundred and seventy three volunteer athletes (115 males, 58 females) were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the Competitive Perfectionism Scale (CPS) and the Multidimensional Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire (MCAQ). The results revealed that striving for perfection (positive perfectionism) was negatively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety, and positively associated with self-confidence. The results also revealed that negative reaction to imperfection (negative perfectionism) was positively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety, and negatively associated with self-confidence

APPLICATION OF FUZZY METRIC ON MANIFOLDS

The relation between of fuzzy subsets and classical mathematics is fundamental to extend of new approchs in applied mathematics. This paper, applies the concept of fuzzy metric on construction of fuzzy Hausdorff space and fuzzy manifold space. Based on these concepts, we present a concept of fuzzy metric Hausdorff spaces and fuzzy metric manifold spaces. This study, extends the concept of fuzzy metric space to union and product of fuzzy metric spaces and in this regard investigates the some product of fuzzy metric fuzzy manifold spaces. Valued-level subsets play the main role in the connection of the notation of manifolds and fuzzy metrics

Experimental Investigation of Interfacial Tension Measurement and Oil Recovery by Carbonated Water Injection : A Case Study Using Core Samples from an Iranian Carbonate Oil Reservoir

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge and appreciate the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marvdasht Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, 73711-13119, Iran, for the provision of the laboratory facilities necessary for completing this work.Peer reviewedPostprin

Evaluation of settlement model of knowledge management in Iranian Steel Company

Today’s era is called era of knowledge-oriented. In this period, managers pay more attention to knowledge issue and following that knowledge oriented people have been considered more than pragmatic one. Knowledge management is a branch of literature of learning organization. Learning in the organization compels people to take action over transferring of data that other people can use. Objective of the present research is to evaluate effective factors influencing capabilities of knowledge production, sharing, transferring them in the organization based on seven-fold theta model. In this research, 6 factors: trust creation in the organization, establishment of chat rooms, Speed and consistency, application of intelligent and talented people, being together of employees and knowledge fairs in the organization are the most effective factors on enhancing abilities of knowledge production, sharing and transferring them. The major data collector tool in this research is a questionnaire, which was distributed among 138 employees of Iran Steel Co. using random sampling. To test hypotheses correlation method and SPSS software were used. Results of the research showed that all 6 factors were studied by a significant and positive relationship by enhancing production capabilities, sharing and transferring knowledge

Evaluation of settlement model of knowledge management in Iranian Steel Company

Today’s era is called era of knowledge-oriented. In this period, managers pay more attention to knowledge issue and following that knowledge oriented people have been considered more than pragmatic one. Knowledge management is a branch of literature of learning organization. Learning in the organization compels people to take action over transferring of data that other people can use. Objective of the present research is to evaluate effective factors influencing capabilities of knowledge production, sharing, transferring them in the organization based on seven-fold theta model. In this research, 6 factors: trust creation in the organization, establishment of chat rooms, Speed and consistency, application of intelligent and talented people, being together of employees and knowledge fairs in the organization are the most effective factors on enhancing abilities of knowledge production, sharing and transferring them. The major data collector tool in this research is a questionnaire, which was distributed among 138 employees of Iran Steel Co. using random sampling. To test hypotheses correlation method and SPSS software were used. Results of the research showed that all 6 factors were studied by a significant and positive relationship by enhancing production capabilities, sharing and transferring knowledge

Evaluation of settlement model of knowledge management in Iranian Steel Company

Today’s era is called era of knowledge-oriented. In this period, managers pay more attention to knowledge issue and following that knowledge oriented people have been considered more than pragmatic one. Knowledge management is a branch of literature of learning organization. Learning in the organization compels people to take action over transferring of data that other people can use. Objective of the present research is to evaluate effective factors influencing capabilities of knowledge production, sharing, transferring them in the organization based on seven-fold theta model. In this research, 6 factors: trust creation in the organization, establishment of chat rooms, Speed and consistency, application of intelligent and talented people, being together of employees and knowledge fairs in the organization are the most effective factors on enhancing abilities of knowledge production, sharing and transferring them. The major data collector tool in this research is a questionnaire, which was distributed among 138 employees of Iran Steel Co. using random sampling. To test hypotheses correlation method and SPSS software were used. Results of the research showed that all 6 factors were studied by a significant and positive relationship by enhancing production capabilities, sharing and transferring knowledge